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Actinopterygian node J: The skull's ethmoid region is lengthened, elongated ascending process of the parasphenoid.
Actinopterygian node K (defining node of the "CHONDROSTEI"): Palatoquadrate bones meet anteriorly in midline, large and blade shaped hyomandibular, absence of suborbital bones, reduced or absent preopercular, opercular and gulars, reduced body scales, peg and socket articulation generally absent from dermal scutes.