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Data on Echinoderm Trees

List of cladograms tested for their correspondence with stratigraphic data. Cladograms are listed alphabetically. For each group, data are listed in order, as follows:

Group name
Tree size (number of terminals)
SRL, Standard range length, the total time represented by known fossil ranges
MIG, Minimum implied gap or 'ghost range'
Gmin, the minimum possible ghost range when cladogram branches are rearranged
Gmax, the maximum possible ghost range when cladogram branches are rearranged
RCI, the Relative completeness index (Benton, 1994)
RCI and GER Sig., significance of the RCI and GER measures
No. consistent nodes, the number of stratigraphically consistent nodes
SCI, the Stratigraphic consistency index (Huelsenbeck, 1994)
SCI Sig., significance of the SCI measure
GER, the Gap excess ratio (Wills, 1999)
Range, the broad stratigraphic range of the cladogram
Reference, the source of the cladogram assessed

Articulata(1)	10	733	204	139	974	72.169168	0.75	4	0.5	11.75	0.92216	Carb-Jur	Simms (1988, fig. 21.1)
Articulata(2)	12	1024	354	252	1716	65.429688	0.75	8	0.8	11.75	0.93033	Ord-Tri	Simms and Sevastopulo (1993, fig. 2)
Articulata(3)	9	474	318	247	1019	32.911392	0.75	5	0.714286	0.25	0.90803	Tri-Neog	Milsom et al. (1994, fig. 2)
Asteroidea(1)	9	858	382	304	1312	55.477855	0.75	3	0.428571	15.75	0.92262	Ord-Jur	Blake (1987, fig. 8)
Asteroidea(2)	11	1310	690	313	1599	47.328244	2.25	5	0.555556	14	0.70684	Carb-Paleog	Blake (1987, fig. 10)
Camarodonta(1)	6	244	142	130	566	41.803279	20.5	1	0.25	69.5	0.97248	Cret-Neog	Smith (1984b, fig. A1, foldout)
Camarodonta(2)	8	547	268	212	1033	51.005484	20.5	4	0.666667	1.25	0.93179	Cret-Neog	Smith (1988b, fig. 9)
Camerata	5	1258	126	63	126	89.984102	100	1	0.333333	100	0	Ord-Sil	Simms (1994, fig. 5)
Cassiduloida	8	670	113	113	507	83.134328	100	6	1	100	1	Jur-Cret	Smith (1984b, fig. A1, foldout)
Cidaroidea	9	264	15	15	113	94.318182	0.25	7	1	0.25	1	Perm-Tri	Smith (1990, fig. 3)
Clypeasteroida(1)	8	314	122	40	134	61.146497	17.5	4	0.571429	70.25	0.12766	Paleog-Neog	Durham (1966)
Clypeasteroida(2)	9	324	104	46	180	67.901235	9.5	5	0.714286	21.5	0.56716	Paleog-Neog	Seilacher (1979, fig. 28)
Clypeasteroida(3)	9	324	68	46	180	79.012346	9.5	7	1	21.5	0.83582	Paleog-Neog	Smith (1984b, fig. A1, foldout)
Crinoidea	9	1190	361	265	463	69.663866	18.25	4	0.571429	31.75	0.51515	Ord-Perm	Simms (1994, fig. 4)
Cryptocrinoida	5	141	75	25	92	46.808511	59.75	1	0.333333	59.75	0.25373	Ord	Paul (1988, fig. 16.4)
Cystoidea(1)	5	735	53	53	155	92.789116	18	3	1	9	1	Camb	Paul (1988, fig. 16.1)
Cystoidea(2)	10	434	165	106	529	61.981567	0.25	6	0.75	0.5	0.86052	Camb-Sil	Paul (1988, fig. 16.3)
Cystoidea-Rhipidocystidae	8	140	88	72	447	37.142857	0.5	4	0.666667	6	0.957333	Camb-Ord	Dean & Smith (1998, fig. 7)
Diadematacea(1)	5	800	304	237	385	62	26.25	1	0.333333	56.25	0.5473	Tri-Neog	Jensen (1981, fig. 23.7a)
Diadematacea(2)	5	800	304	237	385	62	23.25	1	0.333333	61	0.5473	Tri-Neog	Emlet (1988, fig. 23.7b)
Echinodermata(1)	5	2358	151	101	202	93.596268	32	3	1	12	0.50495	Ord-Sil	Matsumara et al. (1979, fig. 4.2c)
Echinodermata(2)	16	3774	705	349	1552	81.319555	0.25	7	0.5	10.75	0.70407	Vend-Dev	Smith (1984a, fig. 15)
Echinodermata(3)	5	2358	101	101	202	95.716709	3.25	3	1	3.25	1	Ord-Sil	Raff et al. (1988, fig. 3.3)
Echinodermata(4)	5	1700		0	0	100	100	3	1	100		Camb	Paul and Smith (1984, fig. 12)
Echinodermata(5)	5	2358	168	101	202	92.875318	48.5	2	0.666667	32.75	0.33663	Camb-Sil	Smiley (1988, fig. 6.1)
Echinodermata(6)	9	2692	262	161	715	90.267459	1	4	0.571429	4	0.81769	Camb-Sil	Smith (1988a, fig 7.6)
Echinoidea(1)	19	2779	715	358	3405	74.271321	1	6	0.352941	2.25	0.88284	Sil-Cret	Smith (1984b, fig. 1.5)
Echinoidea(2)	6	1103	323	271	1135	70.716228	4.75	2	0.5	13	0.93982	Ord-Jur	Smith (1984b, fig. 7.1)
Echinoidea(3)	5	823	266	214	362	67.679222	16.5	1	0.333333	100	0.64865	Tri-Neog	Raff et al. (1988, fig. 3.3)
Echinoidea(4)	5	793	313	170	606	60.529634	5	2	0.666667	18.75	0.67202	Dev-Tri	Smith and Hollingworth (1990, fig. 12a)
Echinoidea(5)	5	525	264	227	660	49.714286	4.5	2	0.666667	17.5	0.91455	Tri-Neog	Feral and Derelle (1991, fig. 2a)
Echinoidea(6)	5	525	318	227	660	39.428571	17	2	0.666667	17	0.78984	Tri-Paleog	Smith (1992, fig. 2c)
Echinoidea(7)	7	733	343	227	926	53.206003	0.75	4	0.8	1	0.83405	Tri-Neog	Smith et al. (1992, fig. 2)
Echinoidea(8)	6	457	83	65	189	81.838074	2.5	3	0.75	6.5	0.85484	Ord-Dev	Smith (1984b, fig. 7.2)
Edrioasteroidea(1)	6	546	106	106	285	80.586081	1.25	4	1	1.25	1	Camb-Ord	Smith (1985, fig. 12)
Edrioasteroidea(2)	10	315	178	135	769	43.492063	0.25	7	0.875	1.25	0.93218	Ord-Carb	Smith and Arbizu (1987, fig. 8)
Eleutherozoa(1)	8	2139	203	111	287	90.509584	6	3	0.5	34.25	0.47727	Ord-Dev	Smith (1984b, fig. 9.4)
Eleutherozoa(2)	9	438	127	127	460	71.004566	0.25	6	0.857143	0.5	1	Camb-Ord	Smith (1988a, fig. 8)
Eognathostomata	8	510	209	136	569	59.019608	1.25	4	0.666667	10.25	0.83141	Jur-Paleog	Smith (1984b, fig. A1, foldout)
Holasteroida(1)	6	223	141	141	474	36.7713	0.25	4	1	0.25	1	Cret-Neog	Smith (1984b, fig. A1, foldout)
Holasteroida(2)	6	223	270	141	474	-21.076233	13.25	1	0.25	100	0.61261	Cret-Neog	David (1988, fig. 25.7)
Holasteroida(3)	6	223	164	141	474	26.457399	1.75	2	0.5	50.25	0.93093	Cret-Neog	David (1988, fig. 25.9)
Hyposaleniinae	10	145	106	67	290	26.896552	2.25	6	0.75	3	0.82511	Cret	Smith and Wright (1990, fig. 53)
Inadunata	5	613	34	17	68	94.453507	40.75	2	0.666667	40.75	0.66667	Ord	Donovan (1988, fig. 18.2)
Neoasteroidea	10	1582	395	187	518	75.031606	15	4	0.5	56.25	0.3716	Jur-Paleog	Gale (1987, fig. 10)
Neognathostomata	6	394	138	128	618	64.974619	7.5	2	0.5	26	0.97959	Jur-Paleog	Mooi (1990, fig. 1)
Paracrinoida(1)	12	508	54	29	254	89.370079	5.5	9	0.9	4.5	0.88889	Ord	Smith (1984a, fig. 9)
Paracrinoida(2)	7	208	50	25	150	75.961538	13	4	0.8	13	0.8	Ord	Paul (1988, fig. 16.5)
Paxillosida	6	392	528	174	652	-34.693878	53.5	1	0.25	67.5	0.25941	Jur-Neog	Blake (1987, fig. 11)
Psychocidaridae	13	139	206	112	459	-48.201439	6.75	6	0.666667	67.5	0.72911	Cret-Neog	Smith and Wright (1989, fig. 5)
Rhombifera	4	207	60	60	98	71.014493	24.25	2	1	14.5	1	Camb-Ord	Paul (1988, fig. 16.2)
Saleniinae	9	103	188	58	323	-82.524272	13.75	4	0.571429	7.5	0.50943	Cret	Smith and Wright (1990, fig. 28)
Salenioida	11	566	165	98	550	70.848057	0.25	4	0.444444	6.75	0.85177	Jur-Cret	Smith and Wright (1990, fig. 26)
Spatangoida	10	904	207	96	514	77.10177	0.75	6	0.75	0.25	0.73445	Cret-Paleog	Smith (1984b, fig. A1, foldout)
Stereocidarini	15	158	197	50	438	-24.683544	2.75	8	0.615385	3.25	0.62113	Cret	Smith and Wright (1989, fig. 9)
Stirodonta(1)	6	874	131	64	131	85.011442	100	3	0.75	69.5	0	Jur	Smith (1984b, fig. A1, foldout)
Stirodonta(2)	13	487	525	206	1290	-7.802875	100	7	0.636364	0.25	0.70572	Jur-Cret	Smith (1994, fig. 6.7)
Valvatida	15	1514	1187	210	1636	21.598415	26.5	6	0.428571	67.75	0.31487	Jur-Neog	Blake (1987, fig. 12)
Velatida	6	205	392	196	784	-91.219512	24.75	3	0.75	29.75	0.66667	Jur-Neog	Blake (1987, fig. 13)
Velatida	6	205	196	196	784	4.390244	7	4	1	7	1	Jur-Rec	Blake (1996, fig. 1)

References for tested cladograms

Blake, D. B. (1987) A classification and phylogeny of post-Palaeozoic sea stars (Asteroidea: Echinodermata). Journal of Natural History, 21, 481-528.
Blake, D. B. (1996) Redescription and interpretation of the asteroid species Tropidaster pectinatus from the Jurassic of England. Palaeontology, 39, 179-188.
David, B. (1988) Origins of the deep-sea holasteroid fauna. In Echinoderm Phylogeny and Evolutionary Biology, edited by C.R.C. Paul and A.B. Smith, pp. 331-346. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Dean, J. and Smith, A. B. (1998) Palaeobiology of the primitive Ordovician pelmatozoan echinoderm Cardiocystites. Palaeontology, 41, 1183-1194.
Donovan, S.K. (1988) The early evolution of the Crinoidea. In Echinoderm Phylogeny and Evolutionary Biology, edited by C.R.C. Paul and A.B. Smith, pp. 235-244. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Durham, J.W. (1966) Clypeasteroids, pp. U450-U491. In R. C. Moore (ed.), Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology U, Echinodermata 3(2). Geological Society of America and University of Kansas Press, Lawrence, Kansas.
Emlet, R.B. (1988) Crystallographic axes of echinoid genital plates reflect larval form: some phylogenetic implications. In Echinoderm Phylogeny and Evolutionary Biology, edited by C.R.C. Paul and A.B. Smith, pp. 299-310. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Feral, J.-P. and Derelle, E. (1990) XXX. In Echinoderm Biology, edited by T. Yanagisawa, pp. 331-338. Rotterdam: A. A. Balkema.
Gale, A.S. (1987) Phylogeny and classification of the Asteroidea (Echinodermata). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 89, 107-132.
Jensen, M. (1981) Morphology and classification of the Euechinoidea Bronn, 1860 - a cladistic analysis. Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra Dansk Naturhistorisk Forening i Kjobenhavn, 143, 7-99.
Matsumura, T., Hasegawa, M., and Shigei, M. (1979) Collagen biochemistry and phylogeny of echinoderms. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, 62B, 101-105.
Milsom, C., Simms, M.J., and Gale, A.S. (1994) Phylogeny and palaeobiology of Marsupites and Uintacrinus. Palaeontology, 38, 595-607.
Mooi, R. (1990) Paedomorphosis, Aristotle's lantern, and the origin of the sand dollars (Echinodermata: Clypeasteroida). Paleobiology, 16, 25-48.
Paul, C.R.C. (1988) The phylogeny of the cystoids. In Echinoderm Phylogeny and Evolutionary Biology, edited by C.R.C. Paul and A.B. Smith, pp. 199-213. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Paul, C.R.C. and Smith, A.B. (1984) The early radiation and phylogeny of the echinoderms. Biological Reviews, 59, 443-481.
Raff, R.A., Field, K.G., Ghiselin, M.T., Lane, D.J., Olsen, G.J., Pace, N.R., Parks, A.L., Parr, B.A., and Raff, E.C. (1988) Molecular analysis of distant phylogenetic relationships in echinoderms. In Echinoderm Phylogeny and Evolutionary Biology, edited by C.R.C. Paul and A.B. Smith, pp. 29-41. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Seilacher, A. (1979) Constructional morphology of sand dollars. Paleobiology, 5, 191-221.
Simms, M.J. (1988) The phylogeny of post-Palaeozoic crinoids. In Echinoderm Phylogeny and Evolutionary Biology, edited by C.R.C. Paul and A.B. Smith, pp. 269-284. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Simms, M.J. (1994) Reinterpretation of thecal plate homology and phylogeny in the Class Crinoidea. Lethaia, 26, 303-312.
Simms, M.J. and Sevastopulo, G.D. (1993) The origin of articulate crinoids. Palaeontology, 36, 91-109.
Smiley, S. (1988) The phylogenetic relationships of holothurians: a cladistic analysis of the extant echinoderm classes. In Echinoderm Phylogeny and Evolutionary Biology, edited by C.R.C. Paul and A.B. Smith, pp. 69-84. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Smith, A.B. (1984a) Classification of the Echinodermata. Palaeontology, 27, 431-459.
Smith, A.B. (1984b) Echinoid palaeobiology. London: George Allen and Unwin, 190 pp.
Smith, A.B. (1985) Cambrian eleutherozoan echinoderms and the early diversification of edrioasteroids. Palaeontology, 28, 715-756.
Smith, A.B. (1988a) Fossil evidence for the relationships of extant echinoderm classes and their times of divergence. In Echinoderm Phylogeny and Evolutionary Biology, edited by C.R.C. Paul and A.B. Smith, pp. 85-97. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Smith, A.B. (1988b) Patterns of diversification and extinction in early Pa